Even at the founding of the new dynasty, the Manchus exploited a weak position of the Han Chinese Ming dynasty. After the rebel Li Zicheng took Beijing in 1636, Ming officials called upon the Manchus for help, but this led to the
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Within the immense realm of creative expression forged by humanity exists a unique form of Chinese painting: tiehua. Contradicting what the word “painting” might suggest, the works in this genre are hammered out of metal rather than paint or ink. Interestingly, this
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